Display models for visualization

Models for visualization are important, helping the developer and user to understand the visualization process; to follow the connections and the data paths through the system; and to reference and compare the functionality and the limitations of different systems or techniques. Display models specifically classify the data by what type of output can be created. Bertin, J. (1962) described a symbolic reference model that he used to describe images and displays. We review his and other `display orientated models´ describing important aspects of these methods and ideas. We then translate Bertin´s scheme into an algebraic form as a method to describe visualizations