Numerical computation on radiation characteristics of square loop antennas at the wrist position of a human body in personal wireless communications

The trend of miniaturization for the cellular phones or other portable communicators in personal communications will lead to the "watch-type" handset carried at the wrist position. It is of great interest to investigate radiation characteristics of the square-loop antenna, which may be used in this type of communicator, influenced by the human hand and body. The antenna-body coupling system is shown. A 3-D realistically shaped man model (1.7 m height) with homogenous muscle phantom is constructed. The loop antenna may have different positions and orientations with respect to the wrist. The loop antenna embedded in the watch belt can also encircle the wrist.