Efficient fusing using AC or DC current

Three primary physical entities that must be controlled in order to create a correctly hot staked joint are electricity, electrode force and time. Each of these entities has a cause and effect relationship with what is ultimately to be the prime factor in making a good joint, i.e., heat. Note that the heat energy developed is: Q = I²Rt, Q = watt-seconds or joules, I = current in amperes, R = resistance in ohms, and t= time in seconds. From this equation it is easy to see that any error in the applied current (I) has a squared effect on the amount of heat that is created (or not created, as the case might be). To this end it is absolutely essential that any welding controller selected be capable of producing and monitoring the current applied through the hot stake joint to a very small margin or error. This is true whether the power source is AC or DC, since either one must conform to the laws as stated