Validation on an adaptive hemodynamic controller

The control of hemodynamic variables, particularly mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac output (CO), is a challenging problem. A good controller is difficult to design, due to the complex, nonlinear behavior of the system. Adding to this are the significant changes in dynamics from one patient to another, and even variations in the patients response to the drugs as his condition evolves. A robust direct model reference adaptive controller (DMRAC), modified to handle infusion constraints (saturation and rate limiting) is validated with dog experiments