3D map generation algorithm for energy management system on electric vehicles

This paper proposes a three-dimensional (3D) map generation algorithm for energy management systems on electric vehicles (EV) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The 3D road geometry of the predefined driving path can be crucial information for energy management systems to design an optimal driving strategy. A single GPS receiver can provide the 3D position of a road profile; however, it is not accurate and reliable enough to use for an energy management system. An information fusion algorithm based on the optimal smoother is applied for map generation to improve the accuracy and integrity of the 3D map database. The algorithm developed in this study is verified and evaluated through experimentation using a probe vehicle equipped with GPS and several on-board sensors. The experimental results show that the map generation algorithm performance is sufficiently accurate and reliable for an energy management system.