Digital watermarking of images and video using direct sequence spread spectrum techniques

We analyze the spread spectrum technique of watermarking images and video. The technique can be used for both spatial and spectral domain watermarking. The watermarking procedure could be incorporated with the standard compression algorithm or could be performed on already available JPEG or MPEG streams after partial decoding. The spread spectrum method has the advantage that the watermark extraction is possible without using the original unmarked image. The simulation results show the robustness of the watermark to image degradations such as lossy compression as in JPEG and MPEG, spatial filtering, cropping, etc.