Key outcomes from life cycle assessment of vehicles, a state of the art literature review

In this paper, an overview of the main findings in vehicle LCA is performed. This overview covers both methodological issues and results. The main challenges in terms of modelling the vehicle production, the vehicle use phase and the End-of-Life are addressed. For each of these vehicle life cycle phases, the main modelling approaches and data existing in the literature are studied. Finally, a comparison of vehicle LCA results from different sources is performed and the main result trends for different pollutants and/or impact categories are addressed. The paper points opportunities to improve the quality of vehicle-LCA studies.