Programming analog computational memory elements to 0.2% accuracy over 3.5 decades using a predictive method

This paper describes a new predictive algorithm that can be used for programming large arrays of analog computational memory elements within 0.2% of accuracy for 3.5 decades of currents. The average number of pulses required are 7-8 (20 μs each). This algorithm uses hot-electron injection for accurate programming and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for global erase. This algorithm has been tested for programming 1024×16 and 96×16 floating-gate arrays in 0.25 μm and 0.5 μm N-well CMOS processes, respectively.