Single-Junction Thermal Voltage Converters With Reduced Uncertainties at Frequencies up to 1 MHz

This paper presents a new realization of standards for ac-dc difference at voltages ranging from 1 to 4 V and frequencies of up to 1 MHz. This work has mainly been focused on improving the determination of the components of ac-dc difference that most significantly contributed to the uncertainty of the previous realization. These components are the ac-dc difference due to skin effect, transmission line effect, and the interaction between parasitic inductances and capacitances, which is described here as the L/C effect. As a result, combined 1 - sigma uncertainties as low as 4.3 muV/V at 1 MHz have been achieved.