Prior knowledge and redundant multimedia

Multimedia technology allows the redundant combination of numerous presentation formats (text, graphics, sound, video etc). We show that redundancy can both help and hinder the user interaction with the system and that the final outcome depends on the user´s `prior knowledge´. Our results suggest that redundancy is beneficial in mixed mode (audio-visual) presentations for learners with low prior knowledge, but detrimental for learners with high prior knowledge. Multimedia designers should carefully consider the users´ background and experience when using redundant combinations of visual and auditory interface elements