A comparison of European charging infrastructures for electric vehicles based on the project transport innovation deployment in Europe (TIDE)

The main challenge for the installation of (semi-)public charging stations is the establishment of sustainable business and financing models, since the revenue on the electric power usually does not cover the cost of operation. In this paper, we analyze different business models for electric vehicle-charging infrastructures in the City of Rotterdam (demand driven approach) and the City of Stuttgart (e-carsharing approach). The results shows that for self-sustaining operation of a charging infrastructure, certain modifications of the business models, as well as major cost reductions are essential.