Optimal scheduling of electric vehicle battery swap station based on time-of-use pricing

Battery swap station (BSS) is an important energy supply place for electric vehicles (EVs), where discharged batteries could be replaced with fully charged ones. Therefore, an optimal scheduling model of the BSS under time-of-use (TOU) electricity price is proposed in this paper, which takes the particular constrains relating the BSS into account. Meanwhile, a statistic model of daily battery swapping demand based on historical data is developed to generate a scenario set of EVs´ energy need, which can be reduced based on the Kantorovich distance(KD) to obtain a typical scenario set while still being close to the original set. The reasonability and validity of the proposed model is proved by a case study. The results show that the controlled domestic charging can smooth the charging curve as well as decrease the charging cost relative to the uncontrolled domestic charging. Moreover, the optimization results are sensitive to the charging level and the number of batteries in the BSS.