Ground wave propagation over land-to-sea and urban-to-suburban mixed-paths with inhomogeneous impedance surface

We have derived the electromagnetic field representations over the homogeneous impedance surface and the inhomogeneous impedance surface, taking into account the tropospheric surface duct. Through the theoretical and experimental studies, we have shown the recovery effect of electromagnetic fields occurring on the portion of the sea over the land-to-sea mixed-path propagation. We have also shown that, in addition to the Norton ground wave, the slow-wave type surface wave is excited over the highly inductive impedance surface.