Optimal parking lot placement considering operational and security limitations using COA

Transportation and electricity industries are known as the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the power network can considerably reduce the emission, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. Moreover, gridable vehicles (GVs), i.e., EVs with vehicle-to-grid capability, can help to level the load profile by acting as loads, energy sources, and energy storage in smart grids. However, it is important to scrutinize the impacts of these vehicles by considering the operating and security constraints simultaneously. In this study, three different scenarios of EV integration are applied to a 9-bus test system. In each scenario, power losses, reliability, voltage profile, and load profile are analyzed comprehensively. In addition, the optimal size and location of parking lots are determined. The cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) with high ability to find the best result, is applied to solve the mentioned nonlinear problem.