Detecting and Avoiding Step Voltage Hazards

Uncontrolled flow of electrical current in the earth may have a range of effects, from barely perceptible to dangerous electrical shocks, or unintended electrical heating resulting in fires. This paper promotes awareness of hazards from ground-potential rise and briefly describes the root causes of voltage in the ground. It is proven that the values of ground potential can be above permissible limits if a voltage as small as 220 V ac is applied into the ground. The step voltage hazards depend on the distance of the fault as well as from the step length. Ground resistivity also affects ground-potential rise. A wearable device is proposed for avoiding injuries. The device warns and protects the user of the step voltage hazards.