Traceable measurements of electrical impedance

Scientists and engineers from different backgrounds share the need for measurement of electrical impedance and related quantities. Equivalent lumped resistance, capacitance, or inductance are common parameters in the characterization, specification, and design of electrical and electronic components. Electric and magnetic material properties such as resistivity, permittivity, and permeability are derived from impedance and from geometrical measurements. Many sensors of physical quantities have impedance as their output quantity. The basis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is impedance measurement. As in all measurements, the basis of accurate impedance measurements is: ·a proper definition of the measurand; and · a traceability to the impedance units of the International System (SI), achieved through the use of calibrated impedance meters and impedance standards.