Energy-efficient user association in heterogeneous networks with M2M/H2H coexistence under QoS guarantees

In this paper, we propose an energy efficient user association scheme for uplink heterogeneous networks with machine-to-machine (M2M) and human-to-human (H2H) coexistence. A group based random access protocol is designed for massive number of machine-type-communications (MTC) user equipments´ (UEs) transmissions. A user association problem for UEs´ energy efficiency maximization is formulated considering the HTC UEs´ quality of service (QoS) guarantees and load balance among multiple BSs, simultaneously. A distributed iterative algorithm is developed to solve the optimization problem. In addition, the convergence of the proposed algorithm is proved. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme outperforms other schemes in terms of energy efficiency and QoS guarantees.