Satellite communications in eastern Europe

The development of satellite communications in eastern Europe from the very beginning up to this time is described, and future trends are indicated. A concise review is given of the fixed, broadcasting and mobile satellite services and of the former research and development program Intercosmos related to satellite communications. It is shown that eastern European countries have gained knowledge and experience which can contribute, after the political changes of the last few years, to greater utilization of satellite communications in restructuring telecommunications in their geographical area.