Energy efficient m- level LEACH protocol

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprise of large number of sensor nodes, which sense and measure various physical phenomena related parameters and transmit the measured data towards the base station by making use of the neighbouring nodes acting as relay nodes. In order to extend the lifetime of a WSN application, it is necessary to distribute the energy dissipated among the nodes evenly in the network and improve the overall system performance. The lifetime of network depends on the underlying routing protocol. This paper presents various energy-efficient routing protocols being widely used. A performance comparison of direct transmission protocol, MTE protocol and LEACH protocol and improved LEACH and multi-level LEACH protocols like MLEACH protocol, DD-LEACH protocol and TL-LEACH protocol is presented. This work also proposes an energy efficient and improved multi-level LEACH protocol and DD-TL-LEACH protocol. For the purpose of simulation analysis, the NS-3 simulation platform has been made use of.