SOC estimation for LiFePO4 battery in EVs using recursive least-squares with multiple adaptive forgetting factors

This work presents a novel technique which is simple yet effective in estimating electric model parameters and state-of-charge (SOC) of the LiFePO₄ battery. Unlike the well-known recursive least-squares-based algorithms with single constant forgetting factor, this technique employs multiple adaptive forgetting factors to provide the capability to capture the different dynamics of model parameters. The validity of the proposed method is verified through experiments using actual driving cycles.