Dual-band antenna array optimizations using heuristic algorithms and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm

We consider design and simulations of dual-band antenna arrays and their optimizations via heuristic algorithms, particularly, genetic algorithms (GAs) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods. As shown below, these arrays consist of patch antennas of different sizes, depending on the target frequencies. The resulting radiation problems are solved iteratively, where the matrix-vector multiplications are performed efficiently with the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). MLFMA allows for realistic simulations of antenna arrays of finite extent, without any periodicity and similarity assumptions, while including all mutual couplings between the antennas. This way, we obtain effective and realistic optimizations.