Evaluation of material characterization systems that utilize a two-wire transmission line

Engineers in many disciplines use the electromagnetic properties of materials to evaluate and predict the performance of systems. Microwave engineers use these properties in the design of high frequency devices. Civil, mechanical, and biomedical engineers use the properties, either directly or indirectly, as indicators of the performance of structures and mechanical systems, e,g, in the evaluation of water-to-cement ratio (Mubarak, K. et al., Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Trans, v50, no.5, pp.1255–1263, Oct. 2001).