Hybrid genetic programming with accelerating optimizer for 3D metamaterial design

In this paper, the hybridization of previously developed genetic programming (GP) software with a low-level optimizer, which uses genetic algorithm (GA), is presented. Key variables are selected for low-level optimization of each GP topology. Two low frequency design examples are included, with each covering at least 225-450 MHz. The first design (from the 142^nd generation of the original GP software) has 73.4% bandwidth (±90° reflection phase) while being 17.0% thinner than a previously presented design covering this band, whereas the second design (from the 6^th generation of the hybrid software) has 68.9% bandwidth and is 25.3% thinner.