Efficient propagation modeling in railway environments using a hybrid vector parabolic equation/ray-tracing method

This paper presents a hybrid channel modeling technique, which combines the ray-tracing (RT) and vector parabolic equation (VPE) methods using advantages of VPE to compensate for the limitations of RT and vice versa. The proposed method enables the modeling of realistic railway scenarios including stations and long guideway tunnels within a unified simulation framework. Results are validated with measured data from an actual deployment site of communication-based train control systems.