Watermarking for position-mapping-based halftoning

Processing efficiency can be a key factor which dominates the value of a commercial product and its value-added application such as security. In this study, a computationally reduced halftoning-based watermarking is proposed. In encoder, the Efficient Direct Binary Search (EDBS) is employed to generate reference table to ensure the output is in halftone format. Subsequently, a number of optimized compressive tables with various texture angles are established for subsequent table lookup. In decoder, the Least-Mean-Square (LMS) enlarges the differences among those phenotypes of the embedded angles and the required number of dimensions for each angle. Finally, the naïve Bayes classifier is employed to collect the possibility information for classifying various angles. As documented in the experimental results, good image quality and correct detect rate can be obtained simultaneously. Moreover, a high processing efficiency of 0.6 milliseconds for an image of size 512×512 can also be achieved, which can substantially increase the commercial competitive strength in printing market, in particular the security issue is well addressed.