Optimal scheduling of real-time pricing electrical power market considering participation rate of demand response

In order to protect the environment and allow self-supported energy in isolated situations, distributed generators (DGs) using renewable energy sources (RESs) have been introduced in distribution system. High DG penetration in distribution systems causes voltage deviation and also reverses power flow toward substations and generators. Some research suggests compensating this with reactive power using inverter margins and some protection devices. However, it is not necessary to introduce additional protection devices if load-leveling by demand response using real-time pricing is made possible. Therefore, this paper proposes the introduction of real-time pricing by the distribution company (DisCo) for demand response (DR) in order to level the load demand. However, with DR, individual participation rates will be different with different concentrations of batteries and electric vehicles. Therefore, in this paper DR using RTP with optimal control scheduling for customers with different participation rates is proposed.