Propagation impairments along satellite-to-earth path and their mitigation technologies

Propagation impairments in wireless communication system, especially due to rain, are theoretically expressed and their mitigation methods are classified into 3 kinds of categories, such as static, dynamic and diversity ones. Theoretical relationships among frequency, rainfall rate, attenuation and cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) are analyzed and approximated equations are derived using several rain drop size distributionmodels including Gamma-type one up to 100GHz. The mitigation methods are evaluated using experimental propagation data and rainfall rate including rain-radar measured ones.