Cost-effectiveness studies of the BESSs participating in frequency regulation

With the more advanced technology and decreased cost of batteries, it is less costly to form large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to take part in grid applications. BESSs are increasingly considered as participants for grid regulation services because of their fast responding ability. This paper reviews various control schemes of the BESSs in the literature. Sizing studies are conducted based on the current regulation performance scoring system and the respective criteria, using historical regulation data. The cost and lifetime of three mainstream batteries (Lead-acid, Lithium-ion, and Vanadium) are estimated. Cost-performance indexes are calculated based on simulation results.