Technical and environmental impacts of electric vehicles and renewable energy integration in a distribution grid

As the number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has continuously increased in the last years, due to environmental issues, the interest is to find the maximal penetration rate of EVs, which can meet both, technical and environmental constraints. The technical impacts can be reduced by applying an Energy Management Strategy (EMS), which in the present study increases the maximal allowed EVs´ penetration rate with over 41%. The energetic mix has a great importance concerning the environmental impacts. If the renewable energy is injected in the grid as distributed energy, it also has benefic impacts regarding the technical constraints. Consequently, a multi-objective and multi-variable optimization is performed, in order to find an optimal energetic mix for a maximal number of EVs, with an appropriate EMS.