A small-scale hybrid energy storage system for modeling and control validation purposes

This paper presents a small-scale hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that combines ultracapacitors and lead-acid batteries. It also comprises a controllable DC power source and a power resistor, as well as the bidirectional DC-DC converters to interface the different elements with a common DC bus. The system is designed for performance analysis, modeling and control validation purposes. The design of the inner control loop current controllers is presented, allowing the validation of energy management solutions that will dictate the power references to these controllers.