Energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicle based on CPIC under optimization

Energy management based on classical PI controllers (CPIC) has been proposed in this paper. To improve the dynamics and power density of fuel-cell systems, hybridization of fuel cells with energy storage devices such as ultra-capacitors (UC) is required. The approach proposed in is used in this paper where the UC SOC is controlled through the penalty coefficient of the UC energy. This strategy is based on the control of the main performance parameters, such as the UC state of charge (SOC), or dc-bus voltage using proportional-integral (PI) controllers. The knowledge of an expert is not necessary, and the PI controllers can be easily tuned online for better tracking using in this paper heuristic method based on particle swarm.