Optimal scheduling of active distribution networks with energy storage systems considering environmental cost

Along with the increasingly serious environmental issues, besides economic efficiency, much attention is paid to the environmental aspects in the daily dispatch of active distribution networks (ADN). This paper presents a comprehensive optimal model to minimize the economic cost and environmental cost. The damage cost from gas emissions and the uncertainty of renewable generations are taken into consideration. The charging and discharging strategy of energy storage systems (ESS) is a focus of the model. The general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) is used to solve this mixed-integer nonlinear problem. A modified 33-bus distribution network including photovoltaic (PV) systems and ESSs is employed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Simulation results under different scenarios, with and without PVs/ESSs, show that utilization of charging/discharging strategy of ESSs can decrease the economic cost through peak load shifting. Moreover, increasing the penetration of renewable generations leads to the decrease of total cost.