Joint generation and multiple demand scheduling in off-grid buildings

Energy-autonomous buildings in off-grid areas have to minimise the operational cost while not sacrificing the occupants´ comfort levels. At the generation side, such buildings increasingly consider hybridising traditional and renewable generators, using a battery energy storage system as back-up and for operational optimisation. At the demand side, energy management is applied to satisfy the multiple occupants´ comforts, namely air quality, illumination and temperature. Both generation and demand side management can be concurrently automated using techniques of managing an isolated microgrid. To expand the current literature, this study considers 1) the joint generation and demand side management as 2) a multi-objective optimisation problem: realising each of the comforts is set as a unique optimisation objective, and all the mutually conflicting objectives are optimised concurrently. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) which well fits the modelling, is used to obtain numeric solutions for the problem formulation.