The characteristics of a vertical antenna with a radial conductor ground system

Employing an approximate method the input impedance of a ground based vertical radiator is calculated. The ground system consists of a number of radial conductors buried just below the surface of the soil. The integrals involved in the solution are evaluated, in part, by graphical methods. The final results are plotted in a convenient form to illustrate the dependence of the impedance on number and length of radial conductors for a specified frequency, antenna height, and ground conductivity. It is finally shown that under usual conditions the radiated fields are modified by only a few percent due to the presence of the ground system.