Ionospheric cross modulation from a 1000 KW long wave broadcast transmitter

Since the discovery in 1933 of ionospheric cross modulation (quite often referred to as the "Luxembourg Effect"), considerable interest has been shown with regard to this rather unusual propagation phenomenon since it provides, for the first time, a means for making controlled alterations in the ionosphere. The paper briefly discusses the physical processes thought to be involved, and experimental results achieved in the European area. The paper concludes with an analysis of reports of ionospheric cross modulation from the Voice of America 1000 KW long wave broadcast transmitter located near Munich, Germany. Practical applications being made of ionospheric cross modulation as a useful tool for studying certain characteristics of the ionosphere at E-layer height also are discussed. Several tape recordings of typical ionospheric cross modulation reception will be demonstrated.