Time-delay modelling for multi-layer power systems

Modelling of multi-layer power system interactions will become increasingly important as market mechanisms and feedback controls become more tightly coupled into the physical system layer. Time-delays are an important aspect of that inter-layer coupling. This paper integrates deterministic, nonlinear time-delays into a systematic hybrid (continuous/discrete) system model. The paper addresses issues arising in the implementation of implicit numerical integration techniques, and computation of trajectory sensitivities. Applications that have the form of inverse problems are motivated.