Application of data envelopment analysis theorem in plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging station planning

In the near future, millions of electric vehicles (EVs), especially plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs), will be integrated into the electrical system. Such an increase in the demand for energy will require optimised management of distribution networks. This study presents a new formulation to determine the optimal size and location of PHEV charging stations to maximise the distribution system manager (DSM) benefit. A two-stage procedure has been considered to optimise PHEV charging station planning. In the first stage, the candidate locations and their size are determined based on: (i) the sum of benefits from the appropriate use of charging station for charging and discharging of vehicles and (ii) the benefit of providing spinning reserve and supplying the network´s load demand at peak times by DSM. In the next stage, an improved framework is proposed to classify charging stations into efficient and inefficient sets characterised by non-financial indices. The proposed method is data envelopment analysis efficiency and three indices, including active power loss, voltage profile improvement and CO₂ emission. The suggested model is successfully applied to a test system with nine buses. Simulation results show that appropriate planning results in economic benefits as well as improvements in active power losses and the voltage profile.