Robust automated vertebra motion tracking from Videofluoroscopy sequences

This paper proposed a robust and reliable automated tracking technique using a particle filter. A constant velocity random walk model is adopted in the state transition model. The observation model is an amalgam of histogram matching from Markov random fields segmentation and gradient intensity measurements. The accuracy of tracking the vertebrae from a calibration model is of 1deg and the variability among 5 initialisations is less than 0.5deg.