Decisions models for a kind of dual channel closed-loop supply chain integrated with remanufacturing and manufacturing

This paper analyze a dual channel closed-loop supply chain integrated remanufacturing and manufacturer in which the manufacturer sells to a retailer as well as to customer directly, and the retailer takes in charge of used products recycling, and sells them to the manufacturer for remanufacturing. Customers are considered to choose the purchase channel based on price and service quality. The manufacturer decides the price of the direct channel and the retailer decides the retail price and order quantity. Game models under the stochastic demand are proposed in both the centralized and the decentralized scenarios. Then the optimal equilibrium prices in the dual channel are given. Lastly, we analyze the influences of the service quality, demand variability, and the recovery rate on the prices and expected profits of each supply chain members and the whole supply chain through the numerical studies.