High frequency (HF) radar cross sections of the ocean surface incorporating a continuous wave frequency modulated source

Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) is often employed in practical HF radar ocean surface remote sensing systems. The first- and second-order monostatic cross sections of the ocean surface in the context of high frequency ground wave radar operation are derived for a dipole source with an FMCW waveform. The Fourier coefficients of the rough ocean surface are described as zero-mean Gaussian random variables. The electric field equations for the reception of vertically polarized radiation scattered from ocean surfaces are obtained. Illustrative comparisons of the cross sections between the pulsed and FMCW waveforms are presented and their properties are addressed.