Transformer modeling with internal incipient faults

The arc effect on the transformer behavior has been reported. However, the arc has been modeled using square wave that is a static one and does not dynamically describe the arc performance. This shortcoming is overcome in this paper by representation of the arc using the thermal arc equations. However, the main obstacle is determination of the arc parameters. There are two dynamic models used for the arcing faults. They are Kizilcay and Johns arc models. These models have been reported for modeling EHV transmission line transient faults. Johns dynamic equation is used for simulating the arcing faults inside the transformer. The dynamic arc equations are implemented in EMTP program using the universal arc representation that is valid to describe the arc interaction with the electrical power system. It is fair to say that arcing faults inside the transformer is represented using the dynamic arc equations for the first time.