Three-dimensional frequency mapping from the noncontact unipolar electrograms in atrial fibrillation

Three-dimensional (3D) colour-coded mapping of dominant frequency (DF) from noncontact unipolar electrograms in real-time can serve as a powerful tool for identifying potential atrial fibrillation (AF) drivers allowing the analysis and identification of re-entrant circuits sustaining AF. The main problems with the current technology of 3D DF mappings are the lack of spatial resolution and the long acquisition time required. The DF mapping developed in this study generates the 3D representation of the inner surface of the atrium with high resolution (2048 measurement points from noncontact unipolar electrograms) and can be performed in quasi real-time.