State-of-the-art in the design of electrically small antennas

The design of electrically small antennas has been a topic of interest for many decades. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in designing electrically small resonant antennas that exhibit low Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), high efficiency and bandwidths that approach theoretical limits. In this paper, we review recent work related to the fundamental limits that apply to small antennas as a function of their electrical size. We present and discuss a number of electrically small resonant antenna designs that are optimized in terms of achieving the maximum possible bandwidth as a function of both size and overall geometric shape. A review and discussion of recent work in the field is presented.