Copyright protection of vector map using digital watermarking in the spatial domain

This paper proposes a robust blind watermarking scheme for 2D-vector data used in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The proposed method embeds two types of watermarks that complement each other into the vector data. It preserves the fidelity of the vector data using an intersection test. Simulation results show that our method is resistant to common attacks such as translations, scaling, rotation, generalization, cropping, adding objects, and noise attacks. The proposed method also maintains the topology of the vector data.