A quasi-deterministic path loss propagation model for the open sea environment

In this paper, a quasi-deterministic propagation model for the open sea environment is presented, derived from 2 GHz measurement data collected in Trondheimsfjorden, Norway. The path loss results have been compared with both deterministic models and empirical models. From the comparison, it is found that the ITU-R P.1546-2 model with 50% of the locations among the empirical models fits the measurement results best. However, the significant fadings at a short distance from the shore are not included. On the other hand, the deterministic plane earth loss model is discovered to well match the measurement results at a short distance, but offset between them will become larger gradually with a increase of distance due to diffraction loss of earth curve. As a consequence, a quasi-deterministic propagation model comprising of the plane earth loss model and the ITU-R P.1546-2 model with a bound determined by the First Fresnel zone, is proposed. The model has been validated by measurements in two different measurement campaigns.