Shadowing analysis of a BAN diversity antenna based on statistical measurements of the human walking motion

In body area network (BAN) systems, BAN radio devices, such as sensors or access points used for data collection and sending, may be mounted on the waist. The shadowing effects caused by the movement of the arms result in a further severe gain reduction. It is anticipated that the moving characteristics of the arms have a number of differences unique to individual humans, such as asymmetrical distribution. However, the dynamic characteristics, such as swing style and speed, and walking pace and cycle, were not fully examined in previous studies. Hence, a typical canonical model to represent the walking motion was used in the analysis of BAN shadowing properties.