Electric machines and energy storage technologies in EVs and HEVs for over a century

This paper reviews electric machinery and energy storage technologies that have been used in EVs and HEVs for over a century, i.e., since the automotive industry started until now. The review is intended to show trends in the evolution of these technologies in relationship with major technological breakthroughs and global events that shaped the EV and HEV industry. Electric machine types and power ratings, in addition to battery types and energy storage capacity are surveyed. A large database is then constructed and analyzed. Trends are shown to correlate well with global events and major automotive milestones with the rise and fall of different technologies. Three time periods are addressed between the first the automobile production and 2013. Future trends and expectations are then built based upon previous trends.