E-HORM: An energy-efficient hole removing mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster based routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been widely used for better performance in terms of energy efficiency. Efficient use of energy is challenging task of designing these protocols. Energy holes are created due to quickly drain the energy of a few nodes due to nonuniform node distribution in the network. Normally, energy holes make the data routing failure when nodes transmit data back to the sink. We propose Energy-efficient HOle Removing Mechanism (E-HORM) technique to remove energy holes. In this technique, we use sleep and awake mechanism for sensor nodes to save energy. This approach finds the maximum distance nodes to calculate the maximum energy for data transmission. We consider it as a threshold energy E_th. Every node first checks its energy level for data transmission. If the energy level of node is less than E_th, it cannot transmit data.