Combined smart-charging and frequency regulation for fleets of plug-in electric vehicles

In this paper, a co-optimization of smart-charging and frequency regulation for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle aggregator is proposed. To this end, a day-ahead charging scheduling algorithm that minimizes costs and avoids network overloading while leaving enough flexibility to provide regulation is described. Then, a decentralized approach for the real-time dispatch of the regulation signal is introduced, based on the broadcast of a probability signal. The results show that the aggregated vehicle fleet can contribute significantly to regulation reserves with high response accuracy.