A Deterministic Round Earth Loss Model for Open-Sea Radio Propagation

This paper proposes a deterministic path-loss model for the open-sea environment. The model accounts for different effects including effective reflection, divergence, and diffraction due to rough sea and earth curvature. The model results show excellent agreement with experimental results from our recent measurement campaign, which investigated propagation at 2 GHz with a maximum distance of 45 km. Channel parameters like mean-square surface slope and standard deviation of surface height are evaluated, from which it can be concluded that the shadowing and scattering effects on the reflection ray will influence the fading amplitude within the distance of 0.6 First Fresnel Zone clearance.